Protein-coding genes are sections of DNA that contain instructions for making specific proteins. These genes are transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) and then translated into proteins in a process called protein synthesis. Proteins are essential molecules that play key roles in almost all biological processes in cells, including providing structure, facilitating chemical reactions, and regulating gene expression. Understanding protein-coding genes is fundamental to understanding the molecular basis of life and studying genetic diseases. Researchers study protein-coding genes to uncover their functions, interactions, and mechanisms of regulation, as well as to identify potential targets for drug development and therapeutic interventions.